dhee mobilty

  Electronic Control Units (ECUs) are often referred to as the “brains” of vehicles. These sophisticated components play a crucial role in managing various functions, ensuring that cars operate efficiently and safely. Most modern vehicles contain multiple ECUs, each responsible for different systems, such as engine management, transmission control, and even infotainment. ECU types 👇 📍 Engine Control Unit (ECU) 📍 Transmission Control Unit (TCU) 📍 Body Control Module (BCM) 📍 Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) ECU ECUs communicate with each other through a network, often using protocols like CAN (Controller Area Network). This interconnection allows for coordinated control of vehicle functions. For example, if the brake system detects a sudden stop, it can communicate with the engine ECU to reduce power and prevent skidding. Modern ECUs contribute significantly to improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions. By constantly monitoring and adjusting engine ...

  Active and passive safety are two important concepts in vehicle design that focus on protecting occupants and preventing accidents. Most of the time there would be confusion between two safety concepts. 𝐀𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐒𝐚𝐟𝐞𝐭𝐲 👀 Active safety features are designed to prevent accidents from happening in the first place. They include technologies and systems that enhance vehicle control and stability. 🎗️ 𝑨𝒏𝒕𝒊-𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒌 𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 (ABS): Prevents wheel lock-up during braking. 🎗️𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒄 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍 (ESC): Helps maintain vehicle control during slippery conditions. 🎗️ 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 (TCS): Prevents wheel spin during acceleration. 🎗️ 𝑨𝒅𝒂𝒑𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑪𝒓𝒖𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍: Automatically adjusts speed to maintain a safe distance from the vehicle ahead. 🎗️ 𝑳𝒂𝒏𝒆 𝑫𝒆𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑾𝒂𝒓𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈/𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕: Alerts the driver if the vehicle drifts out of its lane. 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞...

  ✨ 𝐖𝐚𝐭𝐜𝐡𝐝𝐨𝐠𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐀𝐮𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐄𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐬 ✨ System failures can happen for various reasons, including hardware malfunctions, software bugs, or power issues. When such a failure occurs, having a strategy in place is crucial. If a microcontroller itself fails, how do we ensure a safe state? This is where the watchdog comes into play. By continuously monitoring the microcontroller's operation, the watchdog can detect anomalies and automatically reset the system, helping to restore functionality and maintain safety. 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐖𝐚𝐭𝐜𝐡𝐝𝐨𝐠? A watchdog is a timer that monitors the operation of a system. If the system fails to reset the watchdog within a predetermined time, the watchdog takes action, often resetting the system to prevent malfunction. 𝐇𝐨𝐰 𝐢𝐭 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤𝐬? 1. 𝐈𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐳𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: When the system starts, the watchdog timer is initialized to a specific timeout value based on the expected operational...

𝐀𝐔𝐓𝐎𝐒𝐀𝐑, 𝐒𝐞𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐭 𝐬𝐚𝐮𝐜𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐦𝐨𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐧 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐬 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤 𝐬𝐦𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐥𝐲!! Imagine a car as a giant orchestra. Each instrument (like brakes, airbags, and sensors) plays a crucial role, but if they’re all doing their own thing with no conductor, it’s chaos. AUTOSAR acts as the conductor that ensures all these parts work in harmony. In the past, if a car manufacturer wanted to upgrade something (say, a new airbag system), they had to rebuild the whole software from scratch because it didn’t fit with the rest of the car’s systems. This wasted time and money. AUTOSAR fixes this by setting rules for how car systems should "talk" to each other, no matter who makes them. Think of it as a universal charger for car software! 𝐃𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐀𝐔𝐓𝐎𝐒𝐀𝐑. AUTOSAR (AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture) is a global standard that helps automotive manufacturers and suppliers create software for vehicles in a more structured and reu...

V2X is a technology that enables vehicles to connect with various entities in the environment. Entities here can be Pedestrian, other vehicles, smartphones, cloud and so on. Based on these entities, technology can be specified more in detail. ➤ 𝐕𝟐𝐕 - Vehicle to Vehicle ➤ 𝐕𝟐𝐈 - Vehicle to Infrastructure ➤ 𝐕𝟐𝐏 - Vehicle to pedestrian ➤ 𝐕𝟐𝐍 - Vehicle to network ➤ 𝐕𝟐𝐂- Vehicle to cloud ➤ 𝐕𝟐𝐃 - vehicle to device The two primary communication standards for V2X are 1. 𝐃𝐒𝐑𝐂 (Dedicated Short-Range Communication) 2. 𝐂-𝐕𝟐𝐗 (Cellular V2X). By bridging vehicles, infrastructure, and people, V2X communication redefines how we interact with transportation systems. Qualcomm, Bosch Mobility, Continental, HARMAN Automotive, DENSO, Infineon Technologies are shaping the future of connected and autonomous vehicles, leveraging 5G and edge computing to achieve real-time communication and safety enhancements.   Author : DHEERJ P😊

  𝐆𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐨𝐟𝐭𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐢𝐬𝐧’𝐭 𝐛𝐮𝐢𝐥𝐭 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐣𝐮𝐬𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐝𝐞....... It’s built with principles that make it simple, scalable, and surprisingly elegant. 𝟏. 𝐊𝐈𝐒𝐒 (𝐊𝐞𝐞𝐩 𝐈𝐭 𝐒𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞, 𝐒𝐭𝐮𝐩𝐢𝐝) ➤ Simplicity is key. Avoid overcomplicating your designs. ➤ Write code that is easy to understand, modify, and extend. Example: Instead of writing nested, convoluted logic, break it into smaller, straightforward functions. 𝟐. 𝐃𝐑𝐘 (𝐃𝐨𝐧’𝐭 𝐑𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐘𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐟) ➤ Eliminate redundancy by abstracting reusable code into functions or modules. ➤ Repeated logic increases the maintenance burden and risks inconsistencies. Example: Refactor duplicate validation logic into a reusable utility method. 𝟑. 𝐒𝐎𝐋𝐈𝐃 𝐏𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐬 ➤ A collection of five foundational principles to guide object-oriented design: S: Single Responsibility Principle O: Open/Closed Principle L: Liskov Substitution Principle I: Interface Segregation Principle D: Dependency...

Imagine your car getting better without you needing to drive to a service center. Sounds futuristic, right? Thanks to Over-the-Air (OTA) updates, this is already happening. 𝐎𝐓𝐀 𝐮𝐩𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬 are software updates sent directly to your car, no dealership visit needed. Just like how your smartphone gets updated while you're sleeping, your car can receive updates while parked in your driveway. If your car has a bug or issue, it can be fixed with a simple update, saving time and effort. Also it can add new features to your car, like a more efficient driving mode, improved battery life, or enhanced safety features. Car brands like Tesla have been using OTA updates to enhance their cars continuously. They’ve pushed updates for everything from self-driving capabilities to better infotainment systems all without a visit to the repair shop. Now, even brands like BMW & Ford are following suit. While it offer great convenience, there are concerns, especially around se...

𝐈𝐒𝐎 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟔𝟐 is an international standard for functional safety in automotive systems. It focuses on identifying, managing, and reducing risks to ensure vehicles operate safely, even in the presence of faults. 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐇𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐬 𝐢𝐟 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐬 𝐅𝐚𝐢𝐥? Imagine an emergency braking system that malfunctions at the wrong moment. Functional safety standards like ISO 26262 prevent such catastrophic outcomes. ISO 26262 saves lives by ensuring systems like ADAS, airbags, and emergency braking operate reliably, even under fault conditions. Key Components of ISO 26262: ✅ 𝐀𝐒𝐈𝐋 (𝐀𝐮𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐒𝐚𝐟𝐞𝐭𝐲 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐋𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐥): Prioritizing safety from ASIL A (low) to ASIL D (critical). ✅ 𝐇𝐚𝐳𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐀𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐬 & 𝐑𝐢𝐬𝐤 𝐀𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 (𝐇𝐀𝐑𝐀): Identifying hazards and reducing their risks. ✅ 𝐕-𝐌𝐨𝐝𝐞𝐥 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐩𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐚𝐜𝐡: Ensuring rigorous validation and verification. In today’s vehicles, safety-critical s...

  ASIL shortens to 𝐀𝐮𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐒𝐚𝐟𝐞𝐭𝐲 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐋𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐥. It is a key concept in ISO 26262, the functional safety standard for the automotive industry. ASIL categorizes the level of risk associated with potential hazards in an automotive system and defines the required level of rigor for design, validation, and verification to mitigate those risks. ASIL level is first determined at the hazard analysis and risk assessment stage. This level is then used to define safety goals, which are high-level requirements for mitigating hazards. Safety goals are broken down into functional safety requirements and then into technical safety requirements as part of the system design. Using these 3 factors ASIL levels are determined. 1️⃣ 𝐒𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐲 (𝐒): How severe is the harm caused by the hazard? 2️⃣ 𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 (𝐄): How often can the hazard occur? 3️⃣ 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 (𝐂): How easily can the driver or system control or avoid the haza...